ISOMO Ry'Umunsi - CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY ,

Umwanditsi: Jean de Dieu I.


Amateka ya Criminal Psychology
Amavu n'amavuko ya Criminal Psychology atangira mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19. Umushakashatsi Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909) ni umwe mu ba mbere wagerageje gusobanura ko hari ibiranga umuntu bishobora kumuganisha ku bugizi bwa nabi. Nubwo ibitekerezo bye byinshi byaje kunengwa, ni we watangije ibiganiro bya siyansi ku miterere y'umunyabyaha.
Nyuma ye, Hugo Münsterberg yagaragaje ko psychology ishobora gukoreshwa mu nkiko no mu iperereza. Mu kinyejana cya 20, David Canter yateje imbere uburyo bwa Investigative Psychology, bushingiye ku bushakashatsi n'isesengura ry'imyitwarire y'umunyabyaha aho gushingira ku gukeka gusa. Uyu munsi Criminal Psychology ikoresha neuroscience, behavioral science na forensic psychology mu gusobanura imyitwarire y'abakora ibyaha.
Intego za Criminal Psychology
Criminal Psychology igamije:
a) Gusobanura impamvu abantu bakora ibyaha.
b) Gusesengura imyitwarire y'abanyabyaha.
c) Gufasha mu iperereza no gutahura ukekwaho icyaha.
d) Gupima ubuzima bwo mu mutwe bw'abakekwaho ibyaha.
e) Gufasha mu gukumira ubugizi bwa nabi.
f) Gushyigikira ubutabera mu gufata ibyemezo bishingiye ku bimenyetso bya siyansi.
Ibintu bitera umuntu gukora icyaha
Abahanga bagaragaza ko nta mpamvu imwe itera umuntu gukora icyaha, ahubwo ari ihuriro ry'impamvu nyinshi.


1. Impamvu za Psychological

Hari abantu bafite ibibazo by'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe cyangwa imiterere yihariye y'imiterere (personality disorders) ishobora kongera ibyago byo gukora ibyaha. Urugero ni antisocial personality disorder na psychopathy, aho umuntu ashobora kutagira impuhwe cyangwa kumva ububabare bw'undi.

2. Impamvu z'imibereho (Social Factors)

Ubukene, ubushomeri, ihohoterwa rikorerwa abana, uburere bubi, gukura mu gace karimo urugomo cyangwa gukurikirana inshuti zikora ibyaha bishobora gutuma umuntu yinjira mu bugizi bwa nabi.

3. Impamvu z'ibidukikije

Kubona urugomo buri gihe, gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, cyangwa kubaho ahantu hatarangwa n'umutekano bishobora kongera amahirwe yo gukora icyaha.

4. Impamvu z'ibinyabuzima

Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko imikorere y'ubwonko, genes zimwe na zimwe, ndetse n'ihungabana ry'ubwonko bishobora kugira uruhare ku myitwarire y'ubugizi bwa nabi, nubwo bidasobanura ko umuntu azahita aba umunyabyaha.
Theories z'ingenzi muri Criminal Psychology

1. Social Learning Theory – Albert Bandura

Bandura yavuze ko abantu biga imyitwarire binyuze mu kureba abandi. Umwana ubona urugomo cyangwa ubukungu buturuka ku byaha ashobora kubyigana. Ubushakashatsi bwa Bobo Doll Experiment (1961) bwerekanye ko abana bigana imyitwarire babonye ku bantu bakuru.

2. Cognitive Theory

Iyi theory ivuga ko uburyo umuntu atekereza bugena imyitwarire ye. Iyo umuntu atekereza ko gukora icyaha ari bwo buryo bwonyine bwo gukemura ikibazo, ashobora kugikora.

3. Psychoanalytic Theory – Sigmund Freud

Freud yavuze ko amakimbirane yo mu mutima (id, ego, superego) ashobora gutuma umuntu akora ibyaha igihe ubushobozi bwo kwigenzura buba bwaracitse intege.

4. Trait Theory
Iyi theory ivuga ko hari abantu bafite traits zongera ibyago byo gukora ibyaha, nko kutagira impuhwe, gukunda ibyago cyangwa kugira uburakari bukabije.

Abashakashatsi bagaragaza ko abantu benshi bakoze ibyaha by’urugomo baba baratanze ibimenyetso mbere, birimo uburakari bukabije, gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, gutera abandi ubwoba, gukunda intwaro cyangwa kugira amateka y’urugomo (Howitt, 2022). Ibi bituma inzego z’umutekano zibasha gukora behavioral assessment no gufata ingamba hakiri kare.
David Canter (2008) yagaragaje ko criminal profiling ifasha gusesengura imyitwarire y’abantu bashobora gukora ibyaha. Nubwo profiling idatanga ibisubizo byuzuye, ifasha kumenya abantu bafite ibyago byinshi byo gukora ibyaha, bityo bagakurikiranywa no kuganirizwa mbere y’uko icyaha kiba.


BEHAVIOR ASSESSMENT (BEHAVIORAL THREAT ASSESSMENT)
ni uburyo bukoreshwa n'abashinzwe umutekano, abahanga muri Criminal Psychology na Forensic Psychology mu gusesengura imyitwarire y'umuntu hagamijwe kumenya niba ashobora guteza ibyago cyangwa gukora icyaha, hanyuma hagafatwa ingamba zo kugikumira. Icy'ingenzi ni uko iri sesengura ridashingira ku gukeka cyangwa ku isura y'umuntu, ahubwo rishingira ku bimenyetso bifatika, amakuru yizewe, n'isesengura rya kinyamwuga (Bartol & Bartol, 2021).
1. Kumenya imyitwarire iteje impungenge (Identify Concerning Behaviors)

Intambwe ya mbere ni ukureba niba hari impinduka cyangwa imyitwarire ishobora guteza impungenge. Urugero:
a) Gukoresha amagambo y'iterabwoba.
b) Gukunda urugomo cyangwa guhora aruvugaho.
c) Gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge bikabije.
d) Kwigunga mu buryo budasanzwe cyangwa guhora arakaye.
e) Gukora ibikorwa byo gukurikirana umuntu (stalking).
Icyakora, ikimenyetso kimwe cyonyine ntigisobanura ko umuntu azakora icyaha. Gisesengurwa hamwe n'andi makuru (Canter, 2008).

2. Gusesengura impamvu n'ibitera (Analyze Risk Factors)

Umusesenguzi yibaza ibibazo nk'ibi:
a) Ni iki cyahindutse mu buzima bw'uyu muntu?
b) Hari amakimbirane akomeye afitanye nabantu ?
c) Hari amateka y'urugomo azwiho ?
d) Hari ibibazo by'ubuzima bwo mu mutwe cyangwa ikoreshwa ry'ibiyobyabwenge?
e) Hari uwo yibasiye mu buryo bwihariye?
Ibi bifasha gutandukanya umuntu ufite umujinya usanzwe n'umuntu ushobora gushyira iterabwoba mu bikorwa.

4. Gusesengura ubushobozi n'umugambi (Capability and Intent)

Harebwa niba umuntu:
a) Afite umugambi ugaragara.
b) Afite uburyo cyangwa ibikoresho byo kuwushyira mu bikorwa.
c) Yatangiye gufata imyiteguro (nko kugura intwaro cyangwa gukurikirana uwo ashaka kugirira nabi).
d) Yagaragaje igihe cyangwa aho ashobora gukorera icyaha.

Mu rwego rwa threat assessment, abantu benshi bavuga amagambo y'uburakari, ariko si bose bafite umugambi cyangwa ubushobozi bwo kuyashyira mu bikorwa (Douglas et al., 2013).

4. Gupima urwego rw'ibyago (Risk Assessment)

Nyuma y'isesengura, urwego rw'ibyago rushobora gushyirwa mu byiciro:
a) Low risk ibyago biri hasi; hakomeza gukurikiranwa.
b) Moderate risk hakenerwa ubujyanama, kuganirizwa no gukurikiranwa hafi.
c) High risk hakenewe ingamba zihuse zo kurinda abashobora kugirwaho ingaruka no gukurikiza amategeko.

5. Gufata ingamba zo gukumira (Intervention)

Iyo hagaragaye ibyago, hafatwa ingamba ziboneye, urugero:
a) Kuganiriza no gutanga ubujyanama.
b) Guhuza umuntu n'inzobere mu buzima bwo mu mutwe niba bikenewe.
c) Gukorana n'umuryango cyangwa ikigo akoreramo.
d) Kurinda umuntu ushobora kwibasirwa.
e) Gukoresha amategeko igihe hari impamvu zifatika.
f) Gutanga amakuru ku nzego bireba



7. Gukomeza gukurikirana (Monitoring)
Behavior assessment si igikorwa gikozwe rimwe rukumbi. Imyitwarire y'umuntu ishobora guhinduka, bityo hakomeza gukorwa isuzuma no kureba niba ibyago byiyongereye cyangwa byaragabanutse.

Ethical Considerations

Nubwo umuntu agaragaza ibimenyetso bikekwa, agomba gukomeza gufatwa nk'umwere kugeza igihe ibimenyetso bifatika bimuhamya icyaha.
Behavior Assessment ni igikoresho cyo gufasha iperereza, si ikimenyetso gihagije cyo guhamya icyaha.
Amasomo y'Ingenzi
a) Imyitwarire ishobora gutanga ibimenyetso by'ibibazo cyangwa imigambi, ariko igomba buri gihe kugenzurwa hifashishijwe ibimenyetso bifatika.
b) Kumenya impamvu zitera icyaha bifasha kugikumira mbere y'uko kiba.
c) Gutega amatwi no kuvugana neza n'abaturage bitanga amakuru meza kurusha gukoresha igitugu.
d) Risk Assessment ifasha gushyira imbere abantu cyangwa ibihe bishobora guteza umutekano muke.
e) Ubuyobozi bwiza, gukorana nk'itsinda, no guhanahana amakuru hagati y'inzego bituma iperereza rirushaho gutanga umusaruro.
f) Kubaha uburenganzira bwa muntu n'amategeko ni ingenzi mu gukoresha Criminal Psychology na Behavior Assessment mu buryo bw'umwuga.
Umwanzuro
Criminal Psychology na Behavior Assessment ni amasomo yuzuzanya. Criminal Psychology isobanura impamvu n'imitekerereze ishobora gutuma umuntu akora icyaha, naho Behavior Assessment ikareba ibimenyetso by'imyitwarire bishobora gufasha kumenya ibyago, kuyobora iperereza no gukumira ibyaha. Ku bakozi b'inzego z'umutekano, guhuza aya mahame bituma bafata ibyemezo byubakiye ku isesengura, bakarushaho gukumira ibyaha, bakabungabunga uburenganzira bwa muntu, kandi bakubaka icyizere n'abaturage.